Philosophers

5th c. BCE

Socratesc. 470–399 BCE

4th c. BCE

Platoc. 428–348 BCE

Aristotle384–322 BCE

Epicurus341–270 BCE

3rd c.

Plotinusc. 204–270

4th c.

Augustine of Hippo354–430

10th c.

al-Farabic. 872–950

11th c.

Ibn Sina980–1037

al-Ghazali1058–1111

12th c.

Ibn Rushd1126–1198

Suhrawardi1154–1191

13th c.

Nasir al-Din Tusi1201–1274

Thomas Aquinasc. 1225–1274

17th c.

Mir Findiriskic. 1562–1640

MS

Mulla Sadrac. 1572–1640

René Descartes1596–1650

18th c.

David Hume1711–1776

Immanuel Kant1724–1804

19th c.

G. W. F. Hegel1770–1831

Friedrich Nietzsche1844–1900

Edmund Husserl1859–1938

20th c.

Martin Heidegger1889–1976

Classical Greek

Socratesc. 470–399 BCE

Platoc. 428–348 BCE

Aristotle384–322 BCE

Hellenistic & Roman

Epicurus341–270 BCE

Late Antiquity

Plotinusc. 204–270

Augustine of Hippo354–430

Medieval Islamic

al-Farabic. 872–950

Ibn Sina980–1037

al-Ghazali1058–1111

Ibn Rushd1126–1198

Suhrawardi1154–1191

Nasir al-Din Tusi1201–1274

Medieval Latin

Thomas Aquinasc. 1225–1274

Early Modern

Mir Findiriskic. 1562–1640

MS

Mulla Sadrac. 1572–1640

René Descartes1596–1650

David Hume1711–1776

Immanuel Kant1724–1804

19th century

G. W. F. Hegel1770–1831

Friedrich Nietzsche1844–1900

20th century

Edmund Husserl1859–1938

Martin Heidegger1889–1976

Platonism (the Academy)

Platoc. 428–348 BCE

Peripatetic school (the Lyceum)

Aristotle384–322 BCE

Epicureanism (the Garden)

Epicurus341–270 BCE

Neoplatonism

Plotinusc. 204–270

Augustinianism

Augustine of Hippo354–430

Islamic Peripatetics (Mashshāʾī)

al-Farabic. 872–950

Ibn Sina980–1037

Ibn Rushd1126–1198

Nasir al-Din Tusi1201–1274

Mir Findiriskic. 1562–1640

Ashʿarism (Ashʿarī kalām)

al-Ghazali1058–1111

Sufism

al-Ghazali1058–1111

Illuminationism (Ishrāqī)

Suhrawardi1154–1191

Scholasticism

Thomas Aquinasc. 1225–1274

Transcendent philosophy (al-Ḥikma al-mutaʿāliya)

MS

Mulla Sadrac. 1572–1640

Rationalism

René Descartes1596–1650

Empiricism

David Hume1711–1776

Transcendental idealism

Immanuel Kant1724–1804

German idealism

G. W. F. Hegel1770–1831

Phenomenology

Edmund Husserl1859–1938

Martin Heidegger1889–1976

No single school

Socratesc. 470–399 BCE

Friedrich Nietzsche1844–1900

Greek

Socratesc. 470–399 BCE

Platoc. 428–348 BCE

Aristotle384–322 BCE

Epicurus341–270 BCE

Plotinusc. 204–270

Latin Christian

Augustine of Hippo354–430

Thomas Aquinasc. 1225–1274

Islamic

al-Farabic. 872–950

Ibn Sina980–1037

al-Ghazali1058–1111

Ibn Rushd1126–1198

Suhrawardi1154–1191

Nasir al-Din Tusi1201–1274

Mir Findiriskic. 1562–1640

MS

Mulla Sadrac. 1572–1640

Modern European

René Descartes1596–1650

David Hume1711–1776

Immanuel Kant1724–1804

G. W. F. Hegel1770–1831

Friedrich Nietzsche1844–1900

Edmund Husserl1859–1938

Martin Heidegger1889–1976

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